Transient advantage

The History of Electricity Essay Example

The History of Electricity Essay Example The History of Electricity Essay The History of Electricity Essay The History of Electricity Name: Institution: Course: Date: The History of Electricity The discovery and development of electricity is long, beginning from early Greece, where Thales discovered that a person could produce an electric charge by rubbing amber with cloth ancient people also discovered magnetism. They observed that lodestone attracted iron. The Chinese discovered the magnetic compass, and Peregrius discovered the polarity of the magnet (Baigrie, 2007). Since then, many individuals have contributed to the current knowledge of electricity. William Gilbert contributed to the knowledge of electricity. He was the first to use the term ‘electric’. He dispelled the myth that surrounded magnetic rock during his time. People believed that the magnetic rock contained some magical powers. Gilbert was able to add to the knowledge concerning magnetism, noting that magnets only attracted iron. He created the versorium, which he used to test the presence of electricity in an object. He was able to distinguish between static electricity and magnetism, somethi ng that the people had not been able to do during his time (Leavitt Fisher, 2011). In the seventeenth century, Otto von Guericke conducted experiments that generated electricity. He created a machine that generated electricity, and showed how one could transmit electricity using a wet string. In the eighteenth century, Stephen Gray performed experiments, and he discovered electrical conductivity. He found out how electricity could transmit to another body. His work inspired Charles du Fay, who later discovered that everything contained electricity. Pieter van Musschenbroek invented the Leyden jar, which he used to store electricity for later use. This paved way for the creation of capacitors, used in electrical appliances. Although many people recognize Benjamin Franklin as the father of electricity, his work only added to a growing list of people who had worked to develop electricity. Benjamin Franklin discovered developed a lightning rod in 1752, providing a basis for the application of electricity. Alessandro Volta invented the first source of DC in 1800, through his invention of the electric battery. He did this by placing a paper, which was coated with zinc and copper on opposite sides, in salted water, thus producing electric current. He followed Luigi Galvani’s work, who had discovered that placing a dead frog near an electric machine made it twitch. Volta’s discovery was useful because it created a form of electricity that flowed steadily. Volta showed how different chemical reactions produced electricity. Volta showed electricity could travel to different places using a wire. He linked connectors that were positively charged with ones that were negatively charged, and this was the first transmission of electricity. Many people were interested in different aspects of electricity since they did not understand it. While others concentrated on how it worked, others were concerned with how it could be used, and others concentrated on how it could be stored. Charl es de Coulomb concentrated on measuring the electricity and magnetism generated in a circuit. Andrew Ampere was concerned with how to measure electric current. Michael Faraday discovered that one could produce electric current using a magnet and copper wire, developing an idea for an electromagnetic field. This was the basis for developing a generator and electric motors. He showed how one could induce electricity, using changes in the electromagnetic field. His work was fundamental, for it provided a way to created inventions such as transformers and telegraphs. Faraday was also instrumental in developing electric vocabulary, with words such as cathode and anode. He discovered how one could generate a lot of electricity through induction. Faraday’s work was instrumental in enhancing an understanding of electricity, and it enabled people to find different ways of applying electricity. Hippolyte Pixii created the first dynamo, enabling the delivery of power to industries in 1832 (Oracle, n. d.). Georg Simon Ohm created Ohm’s law, and he proved that there is a relationship between current, resistance, and voltage. He discovered that the current flowing through metal is proportional to the voltage. Increasing or reducing the voltage changes the current by the same proportion, although the resistance does not change. This gave rise to the formula: voltage=current*resistance. This study gave other people the chance to invent other electrical items such as the electric bulb. People used electric lighting in arc lamps. Joseph swan invented the incandescent light bulb in 1878, and this was followed by Thomas Edison’s discovery. Later, Swan and Edison worked together to produce a practical filament lamp. Edison believed in the power of direct current, and he used it in his office. Later, he used the direct current to light street electric lamps. Nikola Tesla discovered a way to produce alternating current in place of the direct current. The AC had more benefits than th e DC. It allowed for the transmission of electricity that had high voltages through transformers (Electricity Forum, 2012). There is a greater understanding of electricity today than there has ever been in history. People have worked out various ways to produce and use it. Many appliances today run on electricity, and it would be hard to imagine a world without it. Electricity has enabled the growth of many sectors in the economy, since it is used to operate many appliances and machineries. Unlike many other inventions, it is hard to point out an individual or period for the invention of electricity. Many people contributed to making electricity what it is today. They were interested in its composition, usage, measurement, and storage. Great minds worked for long periods to enhance the knowledge of history, and no single individual can take the credit. These people ranged from different periods in history, and from different countries. References: Baigrie, S. B. (2007). Electricity and magnetism: A historical perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group Cregan, E. (2009). Electromagnetism. North Mankato, MN: Capstone Press Electricity Forum. (2012). Electricity history. Retrieved from electricityforum.com/electricity-history.html Leavitt, J. A., Fisher, A. (2011). Who really discovered electricity. North Mankato, MN: Capstone Press Oracle (n. d.). The history of electricity. retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/6064/history.html

Women in Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women in Politics - Essay Example The main reason behind the empowerment and awareness of women is the rate at which they are embracing education. Today women are holding senior government positions in many countries across the world especially in the developed world where gender issues are more flexible. Three out of the top ten most powerful women globally, according to the Forbes Magazine, are political leaders. The most powerful woman according to Forbes is the chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. Leading the fifth biggest economy in the world, Merkel is the most powerful political figure in the European Union. This paper seeks to explain the participation of women in politics today, and the factors contributing to the situation. Hillary Clinton, the state secretary of the U.S, once said that true democracy could only be found if the world was willing to listen to the voice of women. This statement has been interpreted differently by different political analysts. While some have seen it as a wake-up call to the women to start taking part in a people’s democratic processes, others have interpreted it as a cry to the developing countries to encourage female participation in decision making (Zergaw, 2011). In the contemporary world, women are going to school and pursuing careers that were associated with men in the past. They are empowering themselves and establishing high ambitions. Educating the girl child has been the theme and goal of many campaigns especially in the developing nations. Such knowledge is intended to provide the girls and women with necessary professional and academic qualifications that can let them go into such fields as politics. Today, the there are eight female heads of state across the world. The most fascinating thing about the participation of women in politics is that most of the female heads of state are presidents in third world nations. The fact that such African countries as Malawi and Liberia have women presidents indicates how aggressive women have be come in seeking to manage their nations. Such women as Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, who is the Liberian president, and Joyce Banda, the popular head of state of Malawi are evidences of the revolution in the world of governance and politics. Third world nations have always been associated with male chauvinism and gender discrimination (Karin, 1999). However, with the current legislative reforms, women are gaining some bargaining power in socio-political dealings. Some of the most significant legislative reforms that have highly empowered women include the prohibition of gender violence and justice in inheritance of property. Unlike in the past century, most states now advocate for equal consideration in the distribution of family wealth. This has made women gain a wealth of knowledge in relation to their rights, privileges and responsibilities. The high rate, at which women are getting involved in politics, can be attributed to the awareness that the girl child has equal rights to educatio n as the boy child. In the past two decades, women got enlightened and went for such courses as law and political science. Typically, most influential women politicians are those that have taken legal courses and professions (Zergaw, 2011). Janet Reno is one of the most prominent women in the history of the United States. Having studied law at the university, Reno became the first female attorney general in the United States in the year 1993. She held the position for the second longest period in the history of the United States. This was after having been in the position for eight years. Reno had an enormous influence on all legal reforms in the

Islam and Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Islam and Christianity - Essay Example According to them, God is caring and merciful. Both religions have a recognized and respected figures regarded as the source of their faith. This figure in Christianity is Jesus while Muhammad is the originator of the Islamic faith. One of the distinct difference between the two religions lies on their beliefs. Christians believe that God is three in one. In other words, they believe in what is known as the Holy Trinity i.e. the Father, Son, and Holy spirit. Therefore, there are three powers in one. On the other hand, Muslims believe that God operates individually (Griffith, 2012). Some of the similarities are seen on the teachings among the two religions particularly on the position of women in the society. Both the Bible and the Quran teaches that both men and women are equal before the God and hence the society ought to treat them equally. There are also other similarities between the two religions. Both believe that human beings were created by God himself in his own image and that they has dominion over all other living things in the world (Gauss, 2009). Gauss (2009) posits that both religions believe in Jesus and that he came to this world. The only difference is that Christians believe God is the son of God while Muslims consider him as a mere prophet. Christians believe that Jesus died, resurrected, and then rose to heaven. Muslim believe that Jesus rose to heaven devoid of death. Another similarity between the two religions is that both believe that the world will one day come to an end. Both believe that this will be followed by Gods judgment and people will either be thrown in hell or they will proceed to heaven depending on their sentence. Christians believe that torture or anguish in hell will be everlasting. Contrary to this belief, Muslims believe that God can forgive sinners thrown in hell and subsequently take them to heaven. Another dominant

Knowlege and atitude of saudi health professionals towards using Essay

Knowlege and atitude of saudi health professionals towards using technology at workplace - Essay Example Consequently, the study will be done through the use cross-sectional survey design. Basically, cross-sectional survey design is crucial in the study because it will be used to collect data on a given sample of participants who will be chosen from a cross section of health professionals. Moreover, the study will have data analysis to ascertain what has been researched. In a general sense, the analysis will give a clear cut on the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals towards technology. Health institutions are some of the most crucial institutions in most countries across that world. They are known to work in accordance to the medical rules and regulations that govern specific countries. Saudi Arabia is one of the numerous countries that has continuously sort to improve the quality of healthy through educating its professionals on the expected knowledge and attitudes particularly pertaining to the use of technology in hospitals and other health facilities (Huber, 2009). Apparently, it has been documented that in 2007during the customary five year strategic health plan for the country, the Ministry of Health in Saudi published numerous main challenges that the health institutions were facing. To begin with, it was noted that there was lack of efficiency in the service delivery system which was as a result of poor coordination between the institution and other stakeholders. In addition, there was lack of health care planning that culminated to immeasurable lack of integration among the three health care systems; primary, secondary and tertiary. Similarly, it was noted that there was absence of modern incentive based payment systems. As such, it was argued that there was a necessity to embrace technology to ensure that these issues were dealt with accordingly. Of most important was to reduce the absence of data that is mandatory in policy and decision making. Consequently, the presence of data improves coordination in health

Mcminns Psychology Theology And Spirituality In Christian Counseling Religion Essay

Mcminns Psychology Theology And Spirituality In Christian Counseling Religion Essay Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling written by Mark R. McMinn teaches Christian counselors the importance of Spirituality in the counseling office. Throughout the book McMinn provides deep insight on the integration of the three concepts; the author provides concrete cases that allow the reader to grasp the information by applying the scenarios to the text. To better equip Christian Counselors he uses cognitive therapy from a Christian perspective as foundation for his work. He stresses the importance of building an effective therapeutic relationship between the counselor and the client in order for therapy to be successful. McMinn uses a variety of religious interventions to establish psychological and spiritual health. Throughout the chapters he elaborates on the use of prayer, scripture, sin, confession, forgiveness, and redemption in the counseling practice. McMinn discusses the positive effects as well as negative side effects of the use of prayer. He states that the counselors level of spiritual maturity will provide an upper limit for the potential impact of prayer in counseling (McMinn, 1996, p.87). McMinn highlights the power of Scripture and outlines the specific effects it may have on the client. McMinn summarizes the chapter by noting Our knowledge of God, self and Scripture are all interrelated, but our capacity to understand any one of these elements will add to our ability to understand the others (McMinn, 1996, p.124). McMinns study of the nature of sin and its role in the counseling practice is also very thorough. As he notes, generally psychologists have been uninterested in sin, preferring to ignore it or to discuss the effects of the concept of sin (McMinn, 1996, p. 161). Such an attitude has negative consequences, as in most cases sin can be a reason of depression, feeling of guilt and other negative feelings. He proposes the Christian counselor to understand sin from a theological and spiritual perspective. As he states, such a change can add necessary depth to the work of a counselor and encourage his clients to grow spiritually. Describing the historical references of confession as a sacrament of penance, McMinn underlines the necessity to understand its role and importance in the work of a Christian Therapist. Confession requires humility, which requires us to look at ourselves honestly and recognize both our strengths and weaknesses. Confession closely deals with forgiveness, which is a very popular topic among counselors. The author attracts readers attention to the fact that Christian understanding of forgiveness may differ from the ways that non-Christian counselors understand forgiveness. Christian forgiveness is not a simple emotional relief; however, McMinn stated that our capacity to forgive one another depends on our capacity to understand both our need for forgiveness and Gods gracious gift of forgiveness (McMinn, 1996, p.235). McMinns final chapter on redemption sums up the pr evious topics prayer, scripture, sin, confession, and forgiveness. Redemption is a process of being freed from sin and being restored back unto God. As McMinn finalizes the book with this chapter he sums up redemption by saying the wonder of redemption is that we are brought back into a relationship with God (McMinn, 1996, p.265). Finally once we experience redemption, our old ways of thinking are brought as one with God. After reading this story I am reminded of a demonstration given by my former pastor. Leading up to this demonstration my uncle Jesse had been beaten unrecognizably by gang members in Charlotte, NC. My uncle, raised in the church, had a calling on his life from a very young age and refused to accept his calling. He had been running for years and through those years he was often referred to Jonah, but one night changed all of that for my uncle. I can still remember visiting him in the ICU at Carolina Hospital in Charlotte and afraid to look at the hideous swellings upon his face. His eyes were swollen to the size of golf balls and stitches had been applied to various parts of his face it was a horrible sight to see. After his release he was given shelter by my pastor and started attending the church. The demonstration given by my pastor showed the church what sin can do to a person. I remember hearing my pastor pray and my uncle confessing all his sins while standing at the altar. The pastor preached a heavy sermon that taught me how important the confessions of sins were in seeking forgiveness from God. I have learned that God is a God of second chances and he will grant us forgiveness if and when we are ready to confess with our mouths. The moral of the story my pastor pointed out was that God was a redeemer and therefore gave second chances to his sons and daughters. Reflection McMinn did an excellent job covering the aspects of integrating psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling. While the book offers insightful ways to look at different situations that may happen in the Christian counseling office there is one thing that bothered me most. If most types of prayer has not been researched how is the counselor supposed to define clear and ethical guidelines for the use of prayer in counseling? I believe that prayer forms an intimate relationship between God and the individual; therefore prayer should not be used in the therapy sessions especially if further research is needed. Prayer I do believe is an effective tool that can be used in therapy but should be used outside the counseling sessions gradually as the client feels comfort and the need for seeking Gods presence on his or her own. This is a good book and should be read by all Christian counselors. It is essential in helping to expand their knowledge on the basis of integrating p sychology, theology, and spirituality. The case studies are helpful in learning both positive and negative ways to approach similar situations met in the counseling sessions. McMinn did a great job elaborating on the different themes prayer, scripture, sin, confession, forgiveness, and redemption. The uses of the themes were successful in teaching the confused counselor how to integrate their spirituality into the therapy session. Overall the book is a positive guide for new and old counselors to use as basis of understanding how each of the themes can have a powerful impact on a clients progress. Actions This was an outstanding book and it taught me valuable instructions on multitasking as a counselor. McMinn stated that the most effective Christian counselors are able to process several ideas simultaneously (McMinn, 1996, p. 269). It is important for a counselor to be able to successfully integrate psychology, theology and spirituality in the counseling sessions to effectively treat the problems of their clients. I personally will take what I learned and continue to read and enhance my understanding of the different concepts so that I may learn to use them wisely. Reading this book enlightened me with so much information that I can easily share with a friend to enhance their knowledge of Christian counselors. I would first make it known to them that as a Christian counselor we are set apart from other psychologists in that we put God at the forefront of our lives and therapy sessions. Being a Christian psychologist comes with many challenges and we have to constantly refine our rela tionship with God and acknowledge him as the All knowing God because thats who we ultimately seek direction from. Learning how to integrate the use of prayer and scripture with Christian clients we have to recognize the negative side effects that can come of prayer or scriptural interventions. I will continue to keep God first in my life allowing him to speak to me, lead me, and guide me as an instrument to help others. I can only better myself after reading this book and take what I learned to become the multitasking counselor.

The Artists of the High Renaissance Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Art

The Artists of the High Renaissance High Renaissance, that period of art at the beginning of the sixteenth century, has been referred to as one of the great explosions of artistic and creative genius in history. Most notable it seems, for producing three of the greatest artists in history: Da Vinci, Michaelangelo, and Raphael, the High Renaissance was referred to as such not only because it was a period of great and high art, but equally so, because it was essentially the culmination of the cycle of art which preceded it, known as the Early Renaissance. â€Å"Renaissance† stems from the French verb â€Å"naitre,† meaning â€Å"to be born†. Thus, the Renaissance would forever be known as the â€Å"rebirth† of critical artistic thoughts and ideals. Emerging from the much more gothic and religious period that came before, the Renaissance would most certainly prove to be one of the most enlightened periods in art and thought that history would ever see. Italian High Renaissance artists achieved ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. Forms, colors and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy - all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents. The High Renaissance included such great artists as Bacchiacca, the painter of Ev...