Analysis Of Frederic Bartlett s Theory - 1711 Words

Frederic Bartlett (1932) is argued to have laid the foundation for a schema theory with the â€Å"key assumption of previous knowledge affecting the processing of new stimuli† (Carbon Albrecht, 2012, p. 2258). Bartlett’s interest was in the role played by prior knowledge in the interpretation of stories. This may explain why the concept â€Å"knowledge† appeared as a key term in Rumelhart’s (1980) famous definition of the notion of schemas, or as he prefers to call it, â€Å"schemata†: [S]chemata can represent knowledge at all levels from ideologies and cultural truths to knowledge about the meaning of a particular word, to knowledge about what patterns of excitations are associated with what letters of the alphabet. We have schemata to represent all levels of our experience, at all levels of abstraction. Finally, our schemata are our knowledge. All of our generic knowledge is embedded in schemata. (p. 41) However, as Gregory (2002) argues, it should be noted that such knowledge, be it implicit or explicit, is shared by the members of a social group â€Å"by way of their discourses†; and therefore â€Å"the pattern of their knowledge is observable and so describable, and this caters too for what is pertinent about an individual’s knowledge† (Gregory, 2002, p. 16). Another important aspect of schema-based knowledge is discussed by van Dijk and Kintsch (1983, p. 47), that is, such knowledge represents â€Å"descriptions, not definitions†; and they (ibid., pp. 47-48) set the illustrative example ofShow MoreRelatedApplying Learning Theories3548 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction to Learning Theories EDU622-0603A-01: Applying Learning Theories Unit 1 IP Dr. Trude Fawson American Intercontinental University June 17, 2006 Introduction How do we come to know what we know? What is knowledge? These questions are important not only for epistemologists or philosophers who study knowledge, but, as well for those interested in the sciences and education. Whether knowledge is seen as absolute, separate from the knower and corresponding to a knowable, external realityRead MoreEbooks Solution Manuals and Test Banks for Text Books19223 Words   |  77 PagesAccounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies by Weirich, Pearson, Churyk 7 Cases Solutions Accounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies by Weirich, Pearson, Churyk 7 Solution Manual Accounting by Carl S. Warren, James M. Reeve 24 Instructor’s Manual Accounting by Carl S. Warren, James M. Reeve 24 Test Bank Accounting Concepts and Applications by Albrecht, Stice, Stice, Swain 11 Instructor’s Manual Accounting Concepts and Applications by Albrecht, Stice, Stice, Swain 11 Solution Manual Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagessites on the web so you can explore more about the organisations featured in the case studies †¢ Classic cases – over 30 case studies from previous editions of the book †¢ The Strategy Experience simulation gives you hands-on experience of strategic analysis and putting strategy into action Resources for instructors †¢ Instructor’s manual, including extensive teaching notes for cases and suggested teaching plans †¢ PowerPoint slides, containing key information and figures from the book †¢ Secure testbankRead MoreM anaging the International Value Chain in the Automotive Industry60457 Words   |  242 PagesStiftungforitsinitiativeandcooperationincarryingoutthisproject,especiallyStefanieSohm andMartinSpilkerfortheirexcellentcollaboration.ThanksgoalsotoManuelaGeipeland CorneliaGraf-Chmielfortheiractivesupport withrespecttodatacollectionanddataanalysis, aswellastothestaffoftheChairofInternationalManagementandStrategicManagement atESCP-EAPEuropeanSchoolofManagement BerlinandparticularlytoThomasKotullaand RenateRamlaufortheirvaluablecommentson earlierversionsofthispublicationRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pageswhich have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth – and often providing ‘solutions’ to some of the problems or difï ¬ culties identiï ¬ ed in the case. There are also over 33 classic cases on the Companion

Article Review Letter From The - 982 Words

Erica Mesa Professor Scotland-Stewart Philosophy 230 10 October 2016 Essay 1 In his work, â€Å"Letter to Menoeceus†, Epicurus provides perspective on how to reach fulfilled human nature. He argues that pleasure is constantly sought after, but in order to reach fulfilled human nature and maximum pleasure, freedom from pain must be achieved. This can only be done by knowing which actions will give the most amount of pleasure, with negligible and minimal amounts of pain. In opposition to Epicurus’ argument, it can be propositioned that true pleasure can only be achieved once pain has been experienced. In response, Epicurus might argue that the experience of pain provides a learning experience and enhances wisdom, and even enables merited decision-making. According to Epicurus, fulfilled human nature is maximum pleasure – pleasure is defined by the absence of pain. He claims that all actions and decisions are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain. Epicurus portrays two different kinds of pleasures: moving and static. Moving pleasures are defined the by active pursuit of pleasure, such as the consumption of food. Static pleasure is the state in which pleasure is achieved, such as the feeling of fullness after consuming a meal. Epicurus prioritizes static pleasures, believing that these pleasures are the best kind; Epicurus continues on to portray three types of desires in the text (Epicurus | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 5b). The first desires includeShow MoreRelatedThe Journal Of Comprehensive Medical Research1245 Words   |  5 Pagesis the official peer reviewed publication of Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Hapur that considers research articles related to all fields of medical science . The journal will be published biannually. 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Makah Indians Essay Example For Students

Makah Indians Essay The Makah are a Native Indian tribe who have recently decided to enact theirtreaty rights, and start to hunt for whales. These actions have caused an uproarin North America. The Natives state that they are not doing anything butexercising their legal rights. Opponents to their hunting of whales argue thatthe Makah are a group of uncivilized and inhumane individuals, and that they areharming nature. The reportage of the controversy surrounding the Makah can beseen as ethnocentric in many ways. Through the language used by the mediainvolved in the controversy, one can constantly see the Native people beingviewed as inhumane savages. In turn, this language allows readers to be sentmixed messages about the Makah and their position in the whaling dispute. Finally, the protestors themselves have contradictory arguments which leads oneto question the motivating factors behind their position. In order to fullyunderstand the whaling controversy, it is necessary to understand the history ofthe Makah. They were a group of Native people who hunted gray whales. As aresult of their increased trade with the Europeans, the white man decided toalso enter this hunt for the whale. This competition between the Makah and thewhite man lead to the whale coming close to extinction. Due to their love fornature and respect for the whale, the Makah decided to voluntarily refrain fromhunting whales. It is important to note however, that in 1855, the Governor ofWashington State agreed to the Treaty Of Neah Bay, which gave the Makah a rightto hunt for whales. This is what is at the heart of the controversy. The Makahhave recently enacted their hunting rights of the whale after seventy years, andare now resuming their hunt for whales. The Makah reasoning is a relativelysimple one. In 1946, the gray whale population was 2000, and now their count isover 26,000. They believe that it is safe to hunt for whales again. The Makahhave been a group of people who have relied on whale hunting. . They used theblubber from the whale to feed their families, and they used the rest of thewhale to provide themselves with shelter and tools. However, their opponentshave dismissed this practice of hunting whales as inhumane. Through the languagethat is being used by the media, one can see Native people being viewed assavages. The language being used is not blatantly discriminatory against theNative people, but is done in a subtle, yet powerful way, in order to evoke amessage that Native people are inhumane. One of the reasons for this negativecommentary regarding Native people hunting for whales could be due toethnocentrism. This is the belief that ones own culture is considered to benormal, therefore, other cultures are considered abnormal. The media caref ullyuses words that show their bias towards the Native People. The media tries tomake the Makah look like a band of savages. While writing about a recentanti-whaling demonstration, Peggy Andersen writes, In a simmering disputethat ended with a scuffle and arrests, angry Makah Indians pelted a protest boatwith rocks as the two sides bickered over a tribal plan to hunt graywhales. The wording of this opening paragraph leads the reader to thinkthat it was Makah who were causing trouble, and that they were the ones thatwere arrested. However, if one were to complete the article, they would realizethat this was not the case. Another example of media bias against the Makahpeople is when Jonathan Dube writes, As much as its possible for one deadanimal to give new life to an entire nation, thats what has happenedhere. Dube is implying that it is impossible for an animal that has diedto bring life to a nation, however, that is what has occurred. He does notunderstand how killing this whale c ould give life to the Makah, and therefore,he conveys this message of doubt to his readers. Dube is indirectly stating thatthe Makah need to kill in order to have life. Many readers and viewers of themedia are being sent mixed messages about the Makah and the whaling situation. Understanding The Nature Of Homlessness EssayBibliography(1999, May 18) Stop the Whale Hunt. {October 30, 1999} Available:http://www.oregonlive.com/oped/99/05/ed051801.html Author Unknown. (1999, May22) Racism Enters Whale Dispute. {October 25, 1999} Available:http://www.spokane.net/news-story-asp?Date=052299;ID=s580242;cat=Anderson, Peggy. (1998, November 2) Melee during anti-whalingdemonstration Shakes both sides. {November 2, 1999} Available: http://oregonlive.com/todaysnews/9811/st110213.htmlAnderson, Peggy. (1999, May 21) Anti- Makah Protests Turn Ugly. {November 3, 1999} Available: http://www.spokane.net/news-story-body. asp?Date=052199;ID=s580004;cat=}Dark, Alx. (1999, April) The Makah Whale Hunt.{October 28, 1999}. Available: http://www.conbio.rice.edu/nae/index.html Dube, Jonathan. (1999, May18) Plenty of Meat To Go Around. {October 26, 1999} Available:http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/makahs990518.html Webster,John. (1998, November 3) Anything for an unworthy cause. {October29, 1999} Available: http://www.spokane.net/news-story-body.asp?Date=11039;ID=s477881;cat=